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Exam 3: Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind

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Question 21

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You used to envy your brother because he was always so self-assured when talking to others. Yet the older you become, the more you realize that your brother is more often convinced of things rather than accurate about things. Your brother's behavior can be explained by the

A) perseverance bias.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) correspondence bias.
D) overconfidence phenomenon.

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Question 22

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Burger and Pavelich (1994) found that voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election to the candidate's personal traits and positions the day after a presidential election, and to the nation's economy a year after the election. This represents which of the following explanations for the fundamental attribution error?

A) Misattribution is particularly less likely when men are in positions of power.
B) We observe others from a perspective that is similar to the way we observe ourselves.
C) The passage of time decreases the tendency toward the attribution error.
D) When explaining someone's behavior, we often overestimate the impact of the situation.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Question 23

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Attributing behavior to a person's environment is called _____ attribution.

Your boss is always cranky. You assume this is because she is an unhappy person. What type of attribution are you making to explain her behavior?

"Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness is called

Which of the following is NOT an example of automatic thinking?

A belief that leads to its own accomplishment is called

You did not study for your psychology exam. However, you imagine yourself earning a better grade than the one you actually earned. This is an example of

Sometimes the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. Social psychologists refer to this as

On the first day of class, we see a middle-aged man at the front of the room, talking to a younger man. If we assume the older man is the professor and the younger man is the student, we are relying on _____.

Thinking that our premonitions correlate with events represents

According to the fundamental attribution error, observers

The theory of how people explain others' behavior by ascribing it either to internal dispositions or to external situations is called

People in Western cultures are more inclined to assume that others' behaviors

"Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious is called

The more we think on our theories and elaborate on how they might be true, the less open we are to outside information that challenges our beliefs. This statement is best explained by

In an experiment, Lee Ross set up a simulated quiz game. He randomly assigned some Stanford University students to play the role of questioner, some to play the role of contestant, and others to observe. Results indicated that

Research on gambling has found that throwing the dice or spinning the wheel increases people's confidence. This illustrates the

Richard Miller and colleagues (1975) investigated the reduction of littering in three classrooms. Which class still showed a reduction in littering two weeks after the study ended?

According to a study by Burger and Pavelich (1994) , voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election to the _____ the day after a presidential election, and to the _____ a year after the election.