Question 1

A "tragedy of the commons" is essentially a prisoner's dilemma involving a common resource.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

A truly environmental ethic must hold that which of the following has direct moral standing?

Accepted Answer

A)   at least some nonhuman beings
B)   at least some nonconscious beings
C)   both A and B
D)   neither A nor B; an environmental ethic may deny that there are any nonhuman and nonconscious beings with direct moral standing.E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 3

According to Hill, understanding one's place in nature is the same thing as appreciating one's place in nature.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

_________ is the view that all living beings, because they are living, possess direct moral standing, and thus morality includes requirements that include direct moral concern for all living beings.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _________ is the view that all living...

Question 5

According to Gardiner, the problem of overpollution can be characterized as a prisoner's dilemma. On one horn of the dilemma, it is _________ rational for all agents to cooperate and restrict overall pollution.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Gardiner, the problem of overpollution...

Question 6

Which of the following claims would Leopold clearly accept?

Accepted Answer

A)   The problems associated with how we should use our natural environment ultimately concern how human beings should treat each other.
B)   We should think in terms of "the balance of nature" to properly appreciate the value of the natural environment.
C)   The problems associated with how we should use our natural environment are not merely economic problems.
D)   We should ignore all economic motives in deciding questions about land use.E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 7

In developing her response to Sinnott- Armstrong, Hourdequin appeals to the _________ nature of Confucius's account of persons.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In developing her response to Sinnott- Armstrong,...

Question 8

According to Gardiner, the problem of overpollution can be characterized as a prisoner's dilemma. On one horn of the dilemma, it is _________ rational not to restrict one's own pollution.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Gardiner, the problem of overpollution...

Question 9

What is wrong with a conservation system based wholly on economic motives according to Leopold?

Accepted Answer

A)   It assumes that the economic parts of the biotic system will function without the uneconomic parts.
B)   It assumes that economic motives are morally relevant.
C)   It implies that nonhuman creatures are necessarily without any moral standing.
D)   none of the aboveE) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 10

According to Baxter, questions like "Was it 'wrong' for plants to reproduce themselves and alter the atmospheric composition in favor of oxygen?" all have the answer "no."

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

In Sinnott-Armstrong's view, governments do not have a moral obligation to address the problem of global warming.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

According to Hourdequin, the integrity of a person committed to opposing climate change grounds a prima facie duty to control his or her greenhouse gas emissions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

As Gardiner notes, the implementation of "mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon" would seem to eliminate the option of _________ riding.

Accepted Answer

The answer of As Gardiner notes, the implementation of "mutual...

Question 14

In Gardiner's analysis, which of the following is a characteristic of the climate change problem?

Accepted Answer

A)   institutional adequacy
B)   dispersion of causes and effects
C)   fragmentation of agency
D)   all of the aboveE) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 15

Indifference to nonsentient nature, says Hill, does not necessarily reflect the absence of virtues.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Hourdequin argues that one flaw of consequentialist calculation is that

Accepted Answer

A)   it fails to reconcile prima facie duties.
B)   it can run counter to a person's being able to integrate her commitments at various levels.
C)   it can run counter to the idea that persons are atomistic and individually rational actors.
D)   it fails to recognize that possibility that the persons are best understood in relation to one another.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 17

In the context of Gardiner's article, "the fragmentation of agency" refers to what?

Accepted Answer

A)   an agent's inability to acknowledge his or her contribution to climate change
B)   the fragmentation of the effects of greenhouse gas emissions across generations
C)   the vast number of individuals and agents who contribute to climate change
D)   the idea that it's not rational for each individual to restrict his or her own pollutionE) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 18

According to Gardiner, which of the following is an important implication of the fact that carbon dioxide is a long-lived greenhouse gas?

Accepted Answer

A)   That climate change is a resilient phenomenon.
B)   That the impacts of climate change are seriously back-loaded.
C)   That climate change is a substantially deferred phenomenon
D)   all of the aboveE) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 19

Baxter's view allows that animals like penguins have some kind of moral standing because

Accepted Answer

A)   they are sentient creatures.
B)   they are biological beings.
C)   human beings enjoy watching them.
D)   they form social relationships with other penguins.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 20

Leopold proposes an ecocentric environmental ethic.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 15: The Environment, Consumption, and Climate Change

In Sinnott-Armstrong's view, governments do not have a moral obligation to address the problem of global warming.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A truly environmental ethic must hold that which of the following has direct moral standing?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Hourdequin argues that one flaw of consequentialist calculation is that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_________ is the view that all living beings, because they are living, possess direct moral standing, and thus morality includes requirements that include direct moral concern for all living beings.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Hill, understanding one's place in nature is the same thing as appreciating one's place in nature.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the context of Gardiner's article, "the fragmentation of agency" refers to what?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is wrong with a conservation system based wholly on economic motives according to Leopold?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In Gardiner's analysis, which of the following is a characteristic of the climate change problem?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

As Gardiner notes, the implementation of "mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon" would seem to eliminate the option of _________ riding.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Gardiner, the problem of overpollution can be characterized as a prisoner's dilemma. On one horn of the dilemma, it is _________ rational not to restrict one's own pollution.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A "tragedy of the commons" is essentially a prisoner's dilemma involving a common resource.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Indifference to nonsentient nature, says Hill, does not necessarily reflect the absence of virtues.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In developing her response to Sinnott- Armstrong, Hourdequin appeals to the _________ nature of Confucius's account of persons.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Baxter's view allows that animals like penguins have some kind of moral standing because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Gardiner, which of the following is an important implication of the fact that carbon dioxide is a long-lived greenhouse gas?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Hourdequin, the integrity of a person committed to opposing climate change grounds a prima facie duty to control his or her greenhouse gas emissions.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Baxter, questions like "Was it 'wrong' for plants to reproduce themselves and alter the atmospheric composition in favor of oxygen?" all have the answer "no."

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following claims would Leopold clearly accept?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Leopold proposes an ecocentric environmental ethic.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Gardiner, the problem of overpollution can be characterized as a prisoner's dilemma. On one horn of the dilemma, it is _________ rational for all agents to cooperate and restrict overall pollution.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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